Polymerase Chain Reaction Essay - 1003 Words

One may view cloning as copying a living thing and producing multiple copies. People may think of cloning rabbits, sheep or humans. In the field of molecular biology, however cloning is viewed at a genetic molecular level, where a piece of DNA is copied on a large-scale by genetically copying tens to hundreds of thousands of identical DNA fragments. Researchers are developing new methods of cloning by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was introduced in the 1980s and in recent years Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of PCR. Today, Scientists today are researching the various sub-fields of cloning, using PCR, in new ways using terminators, enzyme insertion, and types of cloning to produce high†¦show more content†¦This article also explain how polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most powerful amplification technology available for producing large quantities of DNA from a sample (Mullis et al. 2006). The scientists also tested thermo sta ble DNA polymerase and found Thermus aquaticus Polymerase (Taq) is the best for polymerase chain reaction. PCR is composes of three steps; denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerization. In the denaturation step, the target DNA is separated into two stands through heating, the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, yielding single stands of DNA. In the annealing step, the temperature is decreased to anneal the primers. In the polymerization step, the template DNA is used by Taq polymerase to produce a complementary copy by extending the primers from their 3’ ends of the DNA. The development of thermo stable polymerases based on Taq, T4 DNA, and pfu polymerase, revolutionized PCR and converted it to a technique that can be used routinely in any lab. In respect to molecular biology, cloning has been the center for branching out new technologies in the topic to cloning. In Cloning and analysis of PCR-generated DNA fragments (Coasta et al. 1994), had explored the five main methods for cloning. They include, restriction enzyme site incorporation, T/A cloning, Uracil-DNA-gylcosylase cloning (UDG), ligase independent cloning, and blunt ended cloning. Each of the five many cloningShow MoreRelatedThe Reaction Of Polymerase Chain Reaction1823 Words   |  8 PagesPolymerase Chain Reaction: Polymerase chain reaction, also known as PCR, a technology that has made a tremendous impact on researchers, and has also affected many aspects of our everyday lives. The introduction of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the study of life as a tool for the biological sciences. Molecular cloning allowed the study of individual genes of living organisms; however there was dependence of obtaining a relatively large quantity of pure DNA. Scientists found it extremelyRead MorePolymerase Chain Reaction ( Pcr )1564 Words   |  7 PagesMBB/BIO 181 | Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Name: Teresa Naval INTRODUCTION Scientifically, why is the study of Alu insertions interesting? (10 pts) Alu insertions are biological tools that can trace human history, evolution, and migration. In particular, Alu is often used to understand prehistory because all primates (including humans) with Alu insertions at specific locations can be traced to common ancestors [3]. Alu is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"jumping gene† because it copies itselfRead MoreDna Sequences Using Polymerase Chain Reaction1605 Words   |  7 PagesAmplification of 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequences using Polymerase Chain Reaction Edwina Abou Haidar, Houssam Al Koussa, Mary AbedAlAhad. Department of Biology, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon Abstract The 16s rRNA gene sequencing is a widely common amplicon sequencing method used to identify and compare bacteria in a given sample. This method is well established and allows to study phylogeny and taxonomy of complex microbiomes. In this study, an unknown sample of extracted microbialRead MoreEssay What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe polymerase chain reaction or PCR for short can be used to create many copies of DNA. This allows the DNA to then be visualized using a dye like ethidium bromide after gel electrophoresis. The process has been refined over the years, however the basic steps are similar. The first is to denature dsDNA through heating to ~96  °C. This separates the two strands of DNA. The exact temperature to be used can be calculated with Tm = 4oC x (no. of G C) + 2oC x (no. of A T). Tm is the melting pointRead MoreLab Report : Bacillus Subtilus Using A Polymerase Chain Reaction1903 Words   |  8 Pages The purpose of this experiment was to amplify the ÃŽ ±-amylase gene in Bacillus subtilus using a polymerase chain reaction. Bacillus subtilus is a gram-positive bacterium that resides in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of animals and primarily uses aerobic respiration for survival (Yu et al., 2015). Due to it’s ability to take part in the fermentation process, B. subtilus can produce large amounts of the ÃŽ ±-amylase enzyme which is responsible for catalyzing the digestion of polysaccharides, suchRead MoreA Short Note On A Polymerase Chain Reaction ( Pcr ) Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesMy longest ongoing project began in October 2014 under the guidance of Dr. Daniela Vergara, a postdoctoral researcher of the CGRI. Dr. Vergara guided another undergraduate student and me to troubleshoot a protocol for a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The objective of improving this protocol was to analyze phylogenetic relationships between local samples by amplifying and comparing a regi on of Tetrahydrocannabinol Acid (THCA) Synthase Gene. My colleague and I had applied for the Undergraduate ResearchRead MoreDna Barcoding Using Coi For Species Identification For Conservation1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe DNA Barcoding is becoming more popular in the present times due to its accuracy in the identification of different species. It has been approved to be more accurate than other taxonomic methods. The DNA Barcoding employs in the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction to magnify the COI gene. The amplified COI genes of the organisms are sequenced and compared with a known database of the organisms. The DNA Barcoding aids in understanding many characteristics of the species. These characteristics of theRead MoreEssay on Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype583 Words   |  3 PagesGel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retreived from a sample. When there is a small sample in need of identification, Polymerase Chain Reactions are used to multiply the DNA in the sample in to many identical samples. The DNA retrieved from the reaction can then be imported into an aparatus using gel electrophoresis to compare the sample of DNA to other samples. In our experiment we learned the how to replicate tiny samples of DNARead MoreAbstract. Taq Polymerase Is Essential In Polymerase Chain1446 Words   |  6 Pages ABSTRACT Taq Polymerase is essential in Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) experiments to obtain a PCR amplification of an unknown gene. The unknown gene is then ligated into a vector plasmid, which is placed in a bacterium Escherichia Coli to transform and multiply. Ultimately, identification and characterization of the unknown gene is done using electrophoreses and gel imaging. Cloning techniques such as the one performed have been used for many years to isolate genes from a variety of species.Read MoreA Segment Of The Will Die Slowly Gene From Drosophila Melanogaster1688 Words   |  7 PagesHarden’s lab at Simon Fraser University using random PCR primers. Attempts at purifying and characterizing this gene have been elusive. Here, we show methods for isolating, amplifying, and purifying the gene of interest for analysis. Using polymerase chain reaction to amplify the gene, it is then ligated into a pGEM-T Easy vector for TA cloning experiments. Transformation for further vector prolif eration is done on competent Escherichia coli cells. Subsequently, the vector is purified through plasmid

From Valiancy to Vengeance in Shakespeare´s Othello

Hatred, in Shakespeare’s Othello, destroyed the lives of so many innocent people, creating an atmosphere of fear and mayhem. Jealousy turned into a deep hatred, and liberated the beast in man (Blooms major dramatists).This mayhem caused a substantial amount of destruction and led to the demise of many. Hatred in Othello starts with Brabantio, who claims Othello is a noble, respectable man. However, Brabantio hates dark skin and foreign roots, two attributes Othello possesses. Brabantio’s hatred for Othello grows when he marries his daughter, Desdemona, behind his back. Brabantio accuses Othello of witchcraft, which is clear when he argues â€Å"She is abused, stoln from me, and corrupted by spells and medicines bought of mountebanks†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Iago’s jealousy and hatred prompt him to plot revenge, and dishonor Cassio. A cloud of hatred so thick settles into Iago’s mind, compromising any shred of humanity he has left. This is prov ed when Iago convinces Roderigo to try and assassinate Cassio, by telling him â€Å"none can be so determinate as the removing of Cassio† (4.2.227). Iago’s selfish, need-to-be-dominate nature also stems to his hatred of women. Iago shows no respect or morals toward women, and believes that they are simply just â€Å"property of men† (nikki-nikki87.blogspot.com). Iago proves his hated toward women when he states â€Å"Ere I would say I would drown myself for the love of a guinea hen; I would change my humanity with a baboon† (1.3.310). His hatred for women became indisputable when he killed his wife, Emilia, for the sake of trying to protect his harsh secrets from being released. Not only does Iago hate women, he hates any man who dare love a women himself. Similarly, Emilia has a hatred toward men, although it is not as obvious. She believes all men are pompous and self-absorbed. This becomes obvious when she says, â€Å"They are all but stomachs, and we all but food; / They eat us hungrily, and when they are full / They belch us† (3.4.104-106). It is argued that Emilia’s hatred toward men is derived from years of living with Iago, causing her to see all men as the same (Shakespeare’s Tragedies). One of the most important roles of hatred in Othello was that of

Theme Of Les Miserables Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Subject Of Les Miserables Essay, Research Paper Major Subject of Les MiserablesIn Hugo # 8217 ; s fresh Les Miserables, Hugo shows us the implicit in subject through many different symbols and citations. For case, when Jean Valjean stays the dark with the bishop Monseigneur Myriel, Valjean steals the bishop # 8217 ; s Ag. The constabulary gimmick him and convey him back to the bishop. The bishop hands him two candle holders, the last of his ownerships, and sais, # 8220 ; Don # 8217 ; t bury that you promised me to utilize this Ag to go an honest man. # 8221 ; This citation sets the phase for the full novel. The quotation mark is the bishop # 8217 ; s manner of stating You need to change. # 8217 ; Before Valjean alterations, though, he must see the immorality in himself. The overall significance is that a adult male must see that he is making incorrect and what he has done before he can alter. Changing is difficult for a individual if he can non see what he is making incorrect. We will write a custom essay sample on Theme Of Les Miserables Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The quotation mark is a perfect start for this novel of underlying secret plans. The first aim of the book is for Jean Valjean to alter his life style. Once the bishop tells him this animating quotation mark, he moves on and sees the foolishness of his ways when he takes the coin from Little Gervais. After this immediate alteration becomes apparent, Valjean is shown as a # 8220 ; Christ figure # 8221 ; through the remainder of the book. Other character s are changed but merely toward the terminal of the book. Thenardier is shown as an evil adult male throughout the book, but it is at the terminal where he contributes to the ideal of the good ; this is the jurisprudence of life as God planned it. Javert Acts of the Apostless like a automaton, make up ones minding ever harmonizing to the missive of the jurisprudence and non its spirit, but in the long run his strength proves religious failing, until the terminal of the book. At the weaving up of the book, Javert encounters Valjean one last clip. Alternatively of following his inherent aptitudes and avoiding thought by collaring him, he easy walks off with a idea that morally he should allow Valjean travel. A new thought forced its manner into his consciousness. There is a higher jurisprudence than the judicial jurisprudence. A adult male can be an criminal and still be virtuous he decides, against the codification of jurisprudence. He is now â€Å"an owl forced to stare with the ocu lus of an eagle.† Hugo shows the reader in this novel that all work forces can alter, no affair how set they are in their ways. A adult male does non hold to populate one life and that one merely. He can turn his life around merely by believing in a different affair, or seeing what he has done incorrect and altering it. The quotation mark helps the reader to understand the complexness of this novel. It opens the reader # 8217 ; s eyes to a new, unprecedented manner of thought.

Steroids Essays (831 words) - Anabolic Steroids,

Steroids Muscle enhancers are exactly what they say they are. They are dietary supplements and drugs that increase mass and build muscle bigger and faster. There really is no reason for muscle enhancers to be fake. They work for almost all people. However it's not whether or not they work you should be worried about as much as the side affects of them. The most well known side affects are genital shrinkage acne and "roid rage." However there is a much more extensive list of side affects documented. There are two types of muscle enhancers. Legal and illegal. It's pretty obvious which ones are which. The people who get to decide which ones are legal or not are government agencies such as Food Drug Administration. There are many other government run agencies but the FDA decides what's what. First of all there's the more well known legal enhancers such as creatine and your common store bought supplements and weight gainers. The most popular however is creatine. This has become one of the most accepted new supplements out on the market. "So far companies that sell the supplement are cashing in on big profits. In 1997, there was $3 billion worth of creatine sales in Canada and the United States and sales continue to rise.(The London Free Press)" "Creatine is a nutrient naturally found in the body. In muscle tissue, creatin converts ADP (adenosine diphosphate) into ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the ?fuel' that powers muscle contractions. But there is only enough ATP ?fuel' to p ower about ten seconds of muscle work. For brief, intense workouts, more ATP must continually be supplied to the muscles. With extra creatine supplementation, muscle cells can make and use more ATP. This helps prevent fatigue and helps muscle gain strength, power and size. (Rocky Mountain News)" One of the less well known legal enhancers is androstenidione. It is used by the famous Mark McGwire. It is a natural supplement just like creatine only it has a more potent effect. However little if nothing is known about this new miracle supplement As little is known about this drug it is thought that this can have side affects especially for young people. "... because the supplement, androstenedione, is essentially a building block of the male hormone testosterone, some researchers believe it has risks, especially for young people going through puberty who could face stunted growth or even liver damage.(The Associated Press)" Of course everyone knows about steroids and that they are not legal, but most people don't know the different types of steroids and how they work. Most often first time steroid users start out taking the pills orally. However when these steroids are introduced to the body for a long time this way is no longer as effective. Thus for quicker results the users inject the drugs directly in their bodies. They shoot up like any heroine addict would. Different types are taken different ways. "But when I took Winstrol, I said, ?Okay I'll take this drug but I won't take the stronger drug Dianabol because that's dangerous.' Even though Winstrol is probably just as dangerous. There was an older fellow that started working at my hometown gym, so when I came back from college to live back at home, this guy introduced me to Dianabol. He said, ?If you really want to get big, you'll take Dianabol.' ... ?Yeah ok I'll take Dianabol, but I'll never shoot myself. I'll never inject myself.' And sure enough, if you really want to get big, you're gonna ? you know ? here you go the testosterone injections and bang, go ahead, shoot me in my tricep. ( Lukas, PH.D.) Although there are benefits to both legal and illegal enhancers the risks of illegal enhancers are much higher. "Oral Steroids are very hard on the liver. Since the steroid doses are so high, the liver cannot keep up and is overworked. As the liver becomes damaged, its liquid, bile, is released into the bloodstream. Bile is normally squirted into you stomach to help you digest fatty foods. But when bile gets in the blood, it makes your skin and the white part of your eyes turn yellow ... Long term steroid use

How to Make Biodiesel From Vegetable Oil

How to Make Biodiesel From Vegetable Oil Biodiesel is a diesel fuel that is made by reacting vegetable oil (cooking oil) with other common chemicals. Biodiesel may be used in any diesel automotive engine in its pure form or blended with petroleum-based diesel. No modifications are required, and the result is a less-expensive, renewable, clean-burning fuel. Heres how to make biodiesel from fresh oil. You can also make biodiesel from waste cooking oil, but that is a little more involved, so lets start with the basics. Materials for Making Biodiesel 1 liter of new vegetable oil (e.g., canola oil, corn oil, soybean oil)3.5 grams (0.12 ounces) sodium hydroxide (also known as lye). Sodium hydroxide is used for some drain cleaners. The label should state that the product contains sodium hydroxide (not calcium hypochlorite, which is found in many other drain cleaners).200 milliliters (6.8 fluid ounces) of methanol (methyl alcohol). Heet fuel treatment is methanol. Be sure the label says the product contains methanol (Iso-Heet, for example, contains isopropyl alcohol and wont work).Blender with a low-speed option. The pitcher for the blender is to be used only for making biodiesel. You want to use one made from glass, not plastic because the methanol you will use can react with plastic.Digital scale [to accurately measure 3.5 grams (0.12 ounces)]Glass container marked for 200 milliliters (6.8 fluid ounces). If you dont have a beaker, measure the volume using a measuring cup, pour it into a glass jar, then mark the fill-line on the out side of the jar. Glass or plastic container that is marked for 1 liter (1.1 quarts)Widemouthed glass or plastic container that will hold at least 1.5 liters (2-quart pitcher works well)Safety glasses, gloves, and probably an apron You do not want to get sodium hydroxide or methanol on your skin, nor do you want to breathe the vapors from either chemical. Both chemicals are toxic. Please read the warning labels on the containers for these products. Methanol is readily absorbed through your skin, so do not get it on your hands. Sodium hydroxide is caustic and will give you a chemical burn. Prepare your biodiesel in a well-ventilated area. If you spill either chemical on your skin, rinse it off immediately with water. How to Make Biodiesel You want to prepare the biodiesel in a room that is at least 70 degrees F because the chemical reaction will not proceed to completion if the temperature is too low.If you havent already, label all your containers as Toxic- Only Use for Making Biodiesel. You dont want anyone drinking your supplies, and you dont want to use the glassware for food again.Pour 200 milliliters methanol (Heet) into the glass blender pitcher.Turn the blender on its lowest setting and slowly add 3.5 grams sodium hydroxide (lye). This reaction produces sodium methoxide, which must be used right away or else it loses its effectiveness. (Like sodium hydroxide, it can be stored away from air/moisture, but that might not be practical for a home setup.)Mix the methanol and sodium hydroxide until the sodium hydroxide has completely dissolved (about 2 minutes), then add 1 liter of vegetable oil to this mixture.Continue blending this mixture (on low speed) for 20 to 30 minutes.Pour the mixture into a widemouthed jar. You will see the liquid start to separate out into layers. The bottom layer will be glycerin. The top layer is the biodiesel. Allow at least a couple of hours for the mixture to fully separate. You want to keep the top layer as your biodiesel fuel. If you like, you can keep the glycerin for other projects. You can either carefully pour off the biodiesel or use a pump or baster to pull the biodiesel off of the glycerin. Using Biodiesel Normally, you can use pure biodiesel or a mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel as a fuel in any unmodified diesel engine. There are two situations in which you definitely should mix biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel: If you are going to be running the engine at a temperature lower than 55 degrees F (13 degrees C), you should mix biodiesel with petroleum diesel. A 50:50 mixture will work in cold weather. Pure biodiesel will thicken and cloud at 55 degrees F, which could clog your fuel line and stop your engine. Pure petroleum diesel, in contrast, has a cloud point of -10 degrees F (-24 degrees C). The colder your conditions, the higher percentage of petroleum diesel you will want to use. Above 55 degrees F, you can use pure biodiesel without any problem. Both types of diesel return to normal as soon as the temperature warms above their cloud point.You will want to use a mixture of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (called B20) if your engine has natural rubber seals or hoses. Pure biodiesel can degrade natural rubber, though B20 tends not to cause problems. If you have an older engine (which is where natural rubber parts are found), you could replace the rubber with polymer parts and run pur e biodiesel. Biodiesel Stability and Shelf Life You probably dont stop to think about it, but all fuels have a shelf life that depends on their chemical composition and storage conditions. The chemical stability of biodiesel depends on the oil from which it was derived. Biodiesel from oils that naturally contain the antioxidant tocopherol or vitamin E (e.g., rapeseed oil) remain usable longer than biodiesel from other types of vegetable oils. According to Jobwerx.com, stability is noticeably diminished after 10 days, and the fuel may be unusable after two months. Temperature also affects fuel stability in that excessive temperatures may denature the fuel.

The Female Breast In History Essays - Clothing, 19th-century Fashion

The Female Breast In History Essays - Clothing, 19th-century Fashion The Female Breast In History The Female Breast and the History of Western Civilization Throughout the ages, the female body has been revered as a work of art and beauty and as a source of life, from which all people are born. The breast is one of the most predominate features of a woman and stands out as a symbol of womanliness and livelihood. Eroticism, nourishment, abundance, hunger, feminine power, as well as feminine subservience, are different contradicting themes of the breast played out in time. Different repeating views of its importance and the way it should be displayed are used to reflect upon the views of women of the time and life in Western society in general. At times, it is near-worshipped as a sign of sexuality, or as a sign of nourishment. Other times it is secured down, sometimes a sign of the inferiority of women or, conversely, as a sign of women's liberation and their equality to men. Whether it is intentional or subconscious, how the breast is viewed throughout history is a direct reflection of the views of the time. Legends about the breast have appeared in a variety of cultures. Greek, Indian, and Native American myth all contain stories which involve biting a breast. For example, Hercules was said to have gotten his extra-human strength from biting the breast of Hera as an infant. This and other such stories can be symbolic of an attack on Mother Nature or the earth goddess, and of man's ability to overcome her (Latteier 146). Women with multiple sets of breasts are a reoccurring theme in Western society, symbolizing fruitfulness. The Greek goddess Artenis of Ephesus had nearly twenty breasts on her chest. Medieval Christian stories often involve the breasts and breast milk of the Virgin Mary. Next to the blood of Jesus Christ, her milk was the most holy and most miraculous of fluids, its wonders retold in numerous poems, stories, and songs (Yalom 44). She was said to have appeared to Saint Barnard when he was praying and offered him a stream of her breast milk to drink from (46). A fourth cen tury prostitute was said to have been spared the death penalty by baring her breasts to the judges, who were so impressed by their beauty that they acquitted her (20). Minoan society on the island of Crete honored the breast. Women's clothing was designed to let the breasts show through. Women were placed in high social positions and power. Their breasts stood for material wealth, political power, and sacredness. The Minoans are given credit as the first people to use a corset. They wore bodices that laced below the bust, lifting and exposing the breasts (Winston). Priestesses known as snake goddesses were notorious for large breasts and snakes that coiled around their arm, both symbols of their power, potency mixed with sustenance (Yalom 15). Classic Greek society praised masculinity and repressed femininity. Women were encouraged to stay at home and they few little rights. Only the Hetaerae, a special upper class of women, were able to participate in social activities of men. The apodemos, a linen article worn by the Hetaerae, was considered to be the first brassiere (Silverman). It, however, usually flattened the breasts instead of accentuating them, reflecting the anti-feminine views of the time. With the rise of Christianity, the breasts and the flesh in general were discouraged from being exposed. The stomach was considered to be more of an important center of female sexuality, with rounded bellies being more attractive (Broby-Johansen 131). This was modeled after the Virgin Mary whose round belly contained the savior (Yalom 40). It wasn't until the fourteenth century and the Renaissance that this began to change. Explosive creativity and art occurred despite great famine and disease. As people became more frivolous, clothing became more revealing, and the neckline lowered to show cleavage (Latteire 31). In the seventeenth century, the breasts once again became the predominate center of female attractiveness over the belly. It was fruitful like the stomach, but more sensual. It stood as a symbol of power and wealth at a time when mercantilism was on the rise in Europe (Latteire 32). The corset, which was previously used to flatten the breasts, was used

Child labor in arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child labor in arab world - Essay Example He gave examples of Asia, Africa, Bangladesh and Latin America, but discussed America and Britain in the paper regarding child labor. The information is provided on page 21, paragraph number 2. b. Children after being replaced from working at different workplaces are involved in illegal crimes if they are not given appropriate education. These crimes include prostitution, rag picking and many more. The author used this information for finding a connection between literacy and crime rate of children. It can be found on page number 25, paragraph number 2. c. â€Å"Culture is a complex whole comprised of arts, law, knowledge, morals, customs, and "other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"† (page 30, paragraph 3). The author has given the concept of culture, but it was a minor point just to give support to cultural connection to global categorization of the issue of child labor. This article is useful for my topic of child labor because it discusses about child labor and its connection to economy. The article informs as to how child labor can be proved ineffective and injurious in contrast to adult labor. This gave some general information about the issue of child labor and its consequences for economic and social development of different countries. The topic of the article is â€Å"Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem† and it talks about the global issue of child labor in connection with its economic and ethical implications for states. The main argument of the paper is that child labor altogether is injurious and inefficient for workers, society, nations, and world economy. It also discusses economy theory presented by Adam Smith in relation to child labor that informs about productivity, labor force and population. The article describes about the process of industrialization in Britain and America and its connection to growing child